Industry, industrial location and tourism

Last time

Before we start: last time, in Agriculture, you learned these points. Here they are again on one card. Keep them in mind, because today builds on them.

Making and serving

From huge textile mills in Faisalabad to footballs stitched by hand in Sialkot, industry in Pakistan comes in many sizes. And its mountains, history and culture draw tourists. This lesson covers the types of industry, where they locate, the informal sector, and tourism.

Large-scale industry

Large-scale industries use big factories, many workers and expensive machinery: textiles, cement, fertiliser, sugar and steel. Textiles, based on Pakistan's own cotton, are the largest industry and the biggest export earner. They need large investment, reliable power and good transport.

Small-scale and cottage industry

Small-scale industries use small workshops and a few workers: Sialkot's sports goods and surgical instruments are famous examples. Cottage industries are run at home by families, making carpets, pottery, embroidery and handicrafts. They need little capital, create jobs, use local skills, and many products are exported.

Problems of small industries

They lack money, modern machinery and marketing, and find it hard to compete with factory goods. Power cuts and expensive raw materials add to costs. The government helps with loans, training and export promotion.

Industrial location

Factories locate near raw materials, near markets, near a port, or where power, water and skilled labour are available. Karachi has the most industry: the port, a huge market and labour. Faisalabad grew on cotton textiles; Lahore and Sialkot are other centres. Government incentives, such as tax breaks, can attract industry to less developed areas.

Industrial estates and export zones

Industrial estates are planned areas with roads, power, water and plots ready for factories, such as SITE in Karachi. Export processing zones offer tax-free imports of materials and other benefits, so goods are made for export. Karachi has one. They grow because they attract investment, create jobs and raise exports.

Formal and informal sectors

The formal sector has registered businesses, regular wages, contracts and taxes: factories, banks, government jobs. The informal sector is unregistered work: street vendors, rickshaw drivers, home workers and small repair shops. The informal sector gives many people a living, but with no security, low pay, and no tax for the government.

Tourism

Mountain scenery and adventure in the north: Hunza, Swat, and treks to K2. History and culture: Mohenjo-daro, Taxila, the Lahore Fort and the Badshahi Mosque, and religious sites. Beaches, deserts and festivals add more.

Tourism: benefits and problems

Benefits: jobs in hotels, transport and guiding; income for remote areas; and foreign exchange. Problems: litter and damage to the environment, pressure on local culture, and jobs that are seasonal. Tourism is held back by poor roads in some areas, security worries, and too few hotels.

Should tourism be developed?

Give both views: the jobs and income against the damage and seasonal work. Use examples: the northern areas, or historic sites such as Taxila. Then judge, perhaps: develop it, but sustainably, with care for the environment and local people.

Mistakes that lose marks

Mistake one: calling Sialkot's sports goods a large-scale industry. It is mostly small-scale. Mistake two: defining the informal sector as illegal. It is unregistered. Mistake three: listing location factors without an example. The fix: the right scale, the right definition, and an example.

The full-marks tip

The full-marks tip: give a named example for each type of industry and each location factor. For tourism, weigh benefits against problems, with examples, then judge.

On one card

So, on one card: industry and tourism. Keep it for revision.